European Civilization, 1648-1945

This course offers a broad survey of modern European history from the end of the Thirty Years' War to the aftermath of World War II. It examines major events and figures such as the French Revolution and Napoleon, while also focusing on the experiences of ordinary people in times of upheaval and transition. The period is analyzed through the complex interrelations between demographic change, political revolution, and cultural development, using textbook accounts alongside exemplary works of art, literature, cinema, and historical scholarship.